Survey-Based Assessment of Fluvial Geomorphological Dynamics and Livelihood Vulnerability Along the Ganga River Corridor in Prayagraj city, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

This study examines how fluvial geomorphological dynamics influence the livelihood vulnerability of river-dependent communities residing along the Ganga floodplain in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. It investigates the socio-economic and environmental consequences of recurring floods, riverbank erosion, sediment accumulation, channel migration, and environmental degradation on households whose livelihoods are closely linked to the river. These communities rely on a range of activities, including agriculture, fishing, tourism, wage labour, and other informal occupations. A household survey was carried out using a proportionate stratified random sampling approach across 33 riparian wards, covering 384 households. The findings suggest that repeated flood events, increasing environmental pollution, the erosion of traditional river-based livelihoods, and rising socio-economic insecurity have significantly affected both livelihood stability and the sustainability of settlements within the floodplain. To understand the extent of vulnerability and the strategies adopted by communities to cope with these challenges, the study employed several statistical techniques, including descriptive statistics, coefficient of variation, Z-score analysis, vulnerability categorisation, and principal component analysis. The analysis identifies flood exposure, poverty, and health-related concerns as the major factors contributing to livelihood vulnerability. In response to these challenges, many households have adopted livelihood diversification and seasonal migration as key adaptation strategies to reduce risks and improve their resilience. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated floodplain management, stronger measures to control river pollution, sustainable urban planning, and community-centred resilience-building initiatives. Such interventions are vital for enhancing environmental sustainability, strengthening the adaptive capacity of local communities, and promoting long-term socio-economic stability for people living along the Ganga floodplain in Prayagraj.